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1. Dependant Prepositions
Certain adjectives, nouns and verbs are always followed by a particular preposition.
Example:
- Adjective - I am interested IN learning about different cultures.
- Noun - There has been a sharp increase IN the number of students gaining 'A' grades in the school leaving exam.
- Verbs - I am applying FOR the position of tutor as advertised in the Guardian on June 25th
There are no rules to help you learn these combinations. The only slight help is that words with a similar or opposite meaning often take the same preposition.
Example:
- Care/ worry ABOUT someone.
- Apply/ ask/ send FOR information.
- Depend / rely ON someone.
Correct Prepositions
Read the sentences below and tick the box if the preposition is correct.
1. Scientists are beginning to find solutions for many of the greatest problems facing the world today.
2. The island is rich with minerals.
3. I would like to take this opportunity in thank my family and friends.
4. The apparatus consists with a metal tube and adjustable lenses at either end.
5. Aberdeen differs from many other parts of the world. In the summer it stays light until very late and in winter it gets dark very early.
6. 'Investment in people' is a fashionable concept but in reality is rarely carried out.
7. Many differences between the Scots and the English stem by historical roots and Celtic influences.
8. I am unable to comment about John's progress as he has rarely attended lectures.
9. I am married with a very nice man.
10. I disagree with you. You're talking absolute rubbish.
Correct Prepositions - Answers
1. Scientists are beginning to find solutions for many of the greatest problems facing the world today. FOR or TO are possible
2. The island is rich in minerals. It should be IN
3. I would like to take this opportunity to thank my family and friends. It should be TO
4. The apparatus consists of a metal tube and adjustable lenses at either end. It should be OF
5. Aberdeen differs from many other parts of the world. In the summer it stays light until very late and in winter it gets dark very early. FROM is correct
6. 'Investment in people' is a fashionable concept but in reality is rarely carried out. IN is correct
7. Many differences between the Scots and the English stem from historical roots and Celtic influences. It should be FROM
8. I am unable to comment on John's progress as he has rarely attended lectures. It should be ON
9. I am married to a very nice man. It should be TO
10. I disagree with you. You're talking absolute rubbish. WITH is correct
Prepositions Gap Fill
Put the correct preposition in the gap below.
Use any of the following: from, with, on, of, in, to, by
Degrees 'boost earning power'
Thursday June 27, 2002
The Guardian
A university degree can boost earning power up to £15,000 a year, an official survey reveals today.
Even before graduates reach 30, they are average more than £6,000 a year ahead their peers who did not attend university, the Graduate Market Trends report from the careers services unit says.
By the time graduates are the 41-50 age bracket, the average employee is earning £34,958 while those without degrees earn £20,400, a difference £14,558, it claims.
The sector offering graduates the highest starting salaries is management consultancy - where initial pay is on average £19,726 - followed information technology (£18,835) and engineering and technology services (£18,717).
The CSU report was based figures from the labour force survey for the year to November 2001 carried out by the office for national statistics.
The survey comes on the eve of the results of Labour's investigation into student finance, now likely to be published early next month. Ministers used the graduate "premium" to justify the introduction tuition fees and the abolition student grants.
Prepositions Gap Fill - Answers
Degrees 'boost earning power'
Rebecca Smithers, education correspondent
Thursday June 27, 2002
The Guardian
A university degree can boost earning power by up to £15,000 a year, an official survey reveals today.
Even before graduates reach 30, they are on average more than £6,000 a year ahead of their peers who did not attend university, the Graduate Market Trends report from the careers services unit says.
By the time graduates are in the 41-50 age bracket, the average employee is earning £34,958 while those without degrees earn £20,400, a difference of £14,558, it claims.
The sector offering graduates the highest starting salaries is management consultancy - where initial pay is on average £19,726 - followed by information technology (£18,835) and engineering and technology services (£18,717).
The CSU report was based on figures from the labour force survey for the year to November 2001 carried out by the office for national statistics.
The survey comes on the eve of the results of Labour's investigation into student finance, now likely to be published early next month. Ministers used the graduate "premium" to justify the introduction of tuition fees and the abolition of student grants.
2. Verb Patterns - ing or infinitive
Learners often make mistakes when using the infinitive and the -ing form.
The -ing form is used after prepositions.
- He put off doing his assignment
The infinitive is used to show purpose ( why you are doing something).
- She phoned to check everything was alright.
However, the most problematic areas is that certain verbs are followed by particular verb patterns. Here are some examples.
- Verb usually followed by infinitive: He promised to do the washing up.
- Verb usually followed by infinitive without 'to': He made me leave the party early because he was jealous.
- Verbs followed by an object and 'to': He persuaded me to go to the party.
- Verb usually followed by -ing: He put off doing the washing up.
- Verb which can be followed by both with out changing the meaning: He started to do the washing up. He started doing the washing up.
- Verb which can be followed by both but changes the meaning: He remembered getting up but after that he couldn't remember anything. He remembered to get up early because he had a job interview.
Correct Verb Pattern
Read the sentences below and tick the box if the verb pattern in the sentence is correct.
1. The results appear to indicate that there is no link between mathematical ability and linguistic ability.
2. My supervisor recommended me that I read the article by Smith.
3. By examining the data they were able to determine the gene which marked hereditary baldness.
4. Applicants were required submit a detailed proposal.
5. They didn't want that I go.
6. They persuaded me to leave early.
7. In this piece of research I will attempt to show the links between chocolate and happiness.
8. He managed explaining the difference even though he didn't really understand it himself.
Correct Verb Pattern - Answers
1. The results appear to indicate that there is no link between mathematical ability and linguistic ability. Verb pattern is correct
2. My supervisor recommended me that I read the article by Smith. Should be 'recommend that'
3. By examining the data they were able to determine the gene which marked hereditary baldness. Verb pattern is correct
4. Applicants were required submit a detailed proposal. Should be 'required to submit'
5. They didn't want that I go. Should be 'want me to go'
6. They persuaded me to leave early. Verb pattern is correct
7. In this piece of research I will attempt to show the links between chocolate and happiness. Verb pattern is correct
8. He managed explaining the difference even though he didn't really understand it himself. Should be 'managed to explain'
Verb Patterns Gap Fill
Complete the text below using the correct pattern of the verb in brackets ().
'Haggis'
If there is one dish that is immediately identified as ( to be ) Scottish then it must ( to be ) haggis and yet it would be more correct to call it a British dish. The English made haggis well into the 18th century before ( to abandon ) the dish, the Scots quite wisely continued ( to make ) haggis (it is excellent to eat, nourishing and uses up the last odds and ends of the animal) and it survives to the present day as a popular dish.
Although butcher's shops and supermarkets are filled to overflowing with haggis on Burns Night (25th January - the anniversary of Robert Burns birth) and St. Andrew's Day (30th November) there is no difficulty in ( to obtain ) haggis all year round. It is even available in the traditional fish & chip shops in Scotland, albeit as a thick sausage shape and deep-fried.
As a result of the diversity of the possible recipes an annual competition is held ( to find ) the finest butcher's haggis in the country. Whatever the precise details of the recipe the resulting haggis ought ( to be ) moist and firm, never dry and crumbly nor should the meat consist of tough gristly bits.
The tourist haggis:
The tourist trade is keen ( to exploit ) the gullible tourist (willing or not) with the story of the wild haggis, a tubular beast which has one set of legs shorter than the other to enable it to run round hillsides. The wild haggis hides in the short purple heather that covers the Highland hillsides and is difficult ( to trap), presumably why it is seldom found in shops - except as fluffy toys.
Verb Patterns Gap Fill - Answers
'Haggis'
If there is one dish that is immediately identified as being Scottish then it must be haggis and yet it would be more correct to call it a British dish. The English made haggis well into the 18th century before abandoning the dish, the Scots quite wisely continued to make haggis (it is excellent to eat, nourishing and uses up the last odds and ends of the animal) and it survives to the present day as a popular dish.
Although butcher's shops and supermarkets are filled to overflowing with haggis on Burns Night (25th January - the anniversary of Robert Burns birth) and St. Andrew's Day (30th November) there is no difficulty in obtaining haggis all year round. It is even available in the traditional fish & chip shops in Scotland, albeit as a thick sausage shape and deep-fried.
As a result of the diversity of the possible recipes an annual competition is held to find the finest butcher's haggis in the country. Whatever the precise details of the recipe the resulting haggis ought to be moist and firm, never dry and crumbly nor should the meat consist of tough gristly bits.
The tourist haggis:
The tourist trade is keen to exploit the gullible tourist (willing or not) with the story of the wild haggis, a tubular beast which has one set of legs shorter than the other to enable it to run round hillsides. The wild haggis hides in the short purple heather that covers the Highland hillsides and is difficult to trap , presumably why it is seldom found in shops - except as fluffy toys.
3. Relative Clauses
Look at the following sentences and decide why they are incorrect. If you are not sure of the answer read the explanations that follow.
- The man, who is sitting next to the door, is my friend's dad.
- John Smith who will be 80 next week is a millionaire.
- My brother, that lives in Southampton, is an engineer.
- Rockall is an uninhabited island lies north west of mainland Scotland.
- Peter's the man I met at Jenny's party.
- The man who he gave me a car has left me.
Defining relative clauses:
Defining relative clauses give the necessary information to know which thing or person is being referred to.
- The man who lives next door has won the lottery.
If you took the defining relative clause out of the sentence, you would not know which man was being referred to.
- The man has won the lottery.
Defining relative clauses are not separated by commas.
Relative pronouns:
| Person | Thing | |
|---|---|---|
| Subject | Who (that) | That (which) |
| Object | -- (that) | -- (that) |
If the relative pronoun is the object it can be left out.
- There is only one whisky (that) I haven't tried.
Non-defining relative clauses:
Non- defining relative clauses contain extra information. If you leave this information out you can still understand who or what is being talked about.
- My brother Stephen, who is moving to France, is a research scientist.
- My brother Stephen is a research scientist.
Non-defining relative clauses are separated by commas.
'That' cannot be used instead of 'who' and 'which'.
Click on the words below to try some relative clause tasks.
Correct Relative Clause
Read the sentences below and tick the box if the sentence is correct.
1. He gave me his telephone number I wrote it down at once.
2. Edward, whose mother died last year, has just been promoted.
3. Anna went to see the dentist, who took out a tooth.
4. 'Show me the skirt, that you bought it yesterday.'
5. It was the first house I ever bought.
6. The letter what arrived this morning contained bad news.
7. That's the bloke that Jane used to be married to.
8. I met Alice, who I work with, and she introduced me to her husband.
9. My cat who is 9 months old has just had kittens.
10. The city where I was born is a large sprawling port.
Correct Relative Clause - Answers
1. He gave me his telephone number I wrote it down at once. It's incorrect
2. Edward, whose mother died last year, has just been promoted. It's correct
3. Anna went to see the dentist, who took out a tooth. It's correct
4. 'Show me the skirt, that you bought it yesterday.' It's incorrect
5. It was the first house I ever bought. It's correct
6. The letter what arrived this morning contained bad news. It's incorrect
7. That's the bloke that Jane used to be married to. It's correct
8. I met Alice, who I work with, and she introduced me to her husband. It's correct
9. My cat who is 9 months old has just had kittens. It's incorrect
10. The city where I was born is a large sprawling port. It's correct
Relative Clauses Multiple Choice
Look at the sentences below and select the appropriate relative pronoun.
1. John was early yesterday, was unusual for him.
2. The first time I saw you was you walked into Bill's Party.
3. Margaret Thatcher, was Britain' first woman Prime Minister, was know as the 'iron lady'.
4. The lady cottage we rented lives overseas.
5. Unfortunately my husband, usually eats anything, is off his food because of a stomach bug.
6. I stopped In Edinburgh, by brother runs a guest house.
7. There was nobody left in the building, made me feel nervous.
8. Do you know the lady runs the corner shop?
9. An alarm may ring, in case evacuate the building immediately.
10. By 5 o'clock there was only one cake hadn't been sold.
Relative Clauses Multiple Choice - Answers
1. John was early yesterday, which / that was unusual for him.
2. The first time I saw you was when you walked into Bill's Party.
3. Margaret Thatcher, who was Britain' first woman Prime Minister, was know as the 'iron lady'.
4. The lady whose cottage we rented lives overseas.
5. Unfortunately my husband, who usually eats anything, is off his food because of a stomach bug.
6. I stopped In Edinburgh, where by brother runs a guest house.
7. There was nobody left in the building, which / that made me feel nervous.
8. Do you know the lady who runs the corner shop?
9. An alarm may ring, in which / that case evacuate the building immediately.
10. By 5 o'clock there was only one cake which / that hadn't been sold.
4. Articles - the, a, an
There are three types of article in English. The definite article the, the indefinite article a or an, and the zero article, i.e. no article. You may find it useful to read through the following rules before trying the tasks at the bottom of the page.
Definite article - 'the'
Classes: The panda is an endangered species. This is more formal then using plurals (pandas).
National Groups: The Scots are renowned for their Whisky.
Other Groups where there are clearly plurals: The Rolling Stones but not the Oasis.
Unique Objects: The moon.
Titles that tend to be unique: He became the managing director of McDonald's.
Other Titles: The Times. 'the' might be part of the title and so is capitalized.
Musical Instruments: John can play the piano. 'the' is included if ability is mentioned.
Emphasis: The University of Aberdeen is the university to go to.
Geographical Names: rivers - The Thames, mountain ranges - The Alps, oceans - TheThe Channel, compass points - The South, areas - The Middle East
Note that the is not used for lakes, mountain peaks, continents, and most countries. Atlantic, unique features -
Place Names: Aberdeen University or The University of Aberdeen. 'the' is usually used with 'of'
The most or most: This is the most expensive restaurant I've been to. I've lived in England for most of my life. 'most' without 'the' means the greater part.
Context previously mentioned items where it is assumed that you will know which thing or person is being referred to. I am taking an English course. The course is great.
Indefinite articles - 'a, an'
Jobs: Tony is a builder. it's his job
Tony was the builder that fixed our roof. I'm telling you which builder
In measuring: Three times a week. 20 kilometres an hour. 60 times a second.
Zero article
Names: I like Picasso.
Some Unique Organizations: Parliament.
Street Names: apart from High Street
Meals: breakfast, lunch, dinner.
Correct Articles
Read the sentences below and tick the box if ALL the articles in the sentence are correct.
1. A man I married is kind, caring and has a great sense of humour.
2. I have two brothers. The older one is an engineer and the younger one is a researcher.
3. I went to see doctor because I was feeling tired all the time.
4. I went to the bakery to buy a cake.
5. The Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
6. He is in charge of the accounts department.
7. The Breakfast is the most important meal of the day.
8. The Queen visited the University recently.
9. The poverty is rising in many parts of Europe.
10. The British economy is relatively strong at the moment.
Correct Articles - Answers
1. A man I married is kind, caring and has a great sense of humour. Should be 'The man'
2. I have two brothers. The older one is an engineer and the younger one is a researcher. They're correct
3. I went to see doctor because I was feeling tired all the time. Should be 'a doctor'
4. I went to the bakery to buy a cake. They're correct
5. The Everest is the highest mountain in the world. Should only be 'Everest'
6. He is in charge of the accounts department. It's correct
7. The Breakfast is the most important meal of the day. Should only be 'Breakfast'
8. The Queen visited the University recently. They're correct
9. The poverty is rising in many parts of Europe. Should only be 'Poverty'
10. The British economy is relatively strong at the moment. They're correct
Articles Multiple Choice
Look at the text below and decide whether you need a, an, the, or (-) nothing.
Aberdeen has something for everyone. Its rich cultural heritage combines with strong economic pulse, to make thriving contemporary community and Granite City a lively and rewarding place in which to live and study.
Nestling on the coast at the confluence of rivers Dee and Don, it is a compact city with population of 216,000. Renowned for its splendid granite architecture, it sparkles like a jewel on edge of the North Sea, bordered by cultivated farmland, wild moors, beautiful beaches and rugged hills.
Aberdeen is a vibrant and cosmopolitan city, welcoming business people and their families from throughout world. Its buoyant economy is the result of diverse commercial activities - including trading, tourism, farming and fishing - which sustain high quality of lifestyle. More recently, it has become hub of the world's offshore energy network and is offshore oil capital of Europe.
Articles Multiple Choice - Answers
Aberdeen has something for everyone. Its rich cultural heritage combines with a thriving contemporary community and a strong economic pulse, to make the Granite City a lively and rewarding place in which to live and study.
Nestling on the coast at the confluence of the rivers Dee and Don, it is a compact city with a population of 216,000. Renowned for its splendid granite architecture, it sparkles like a jewel on the edge of the North Sea, bordered by cultivated farmland, wild moors, beautiful beaches and rugged hills.
Aberdeen is a vibrant and cosmopolitan city, welcoming business people and their families from throughout the world. Its buoyant economy is the result of diverse commercial activities - including trading, tourism, farming and fishing - which sustain a high quality of lifestyle. More recently, it has become the hub of the world's offshore energy network and is the offshore oil capital of Europe.
5. The Passive
Look at these two sentences:
- £50 million pounds was stolen from the bank. - passive
- Jack Biggs the famous bank robber stole £50 million pounds. - active
The two sentences highlight different information:
- Sentence 1 highlights how much money was stolen.
- Sentence 2 highlights who did the action.
The passive is used when we are not interested in who or what is doing the action. For example, when describing a process or an experiment, it is not important who is doing the action but what is being done. So rather than saying :
I heated the water and then I added some sulphate.
The passive is used:
The water was heated and then sulphate was added.
Formation: 'to be + past participle'
For example: Whisky is made in Scotland.
To change tense in the passive it is the verb 'to be' that changes not the past participle.
| Active | Passive | |
| Present simple: | make | is made |
| Present continuous: | am making | is being made |
| Future: | will make | will be made |
| Past simple: | made | was made |
| Past continuous: | was making | is being made |
| Present perfect: | have made | has been made |
| Modals: | might make | might be made |
Passive Multiple Choice
Look at the sentences below and choose the correct tense.
1. The sun at around 3.30 am in Scotland in the summer.
2. Over the years the University many prizes for its research.
3. Aberdeen an important oil centre since the 80's.
4. Cullen Skink, a traditional Scottish soup, from fish and potatoes.
5. The Queen recently Scottish parliament here in Aberdeen.
Passive Multiple Choice - Answers
1. The sun rises at around 3.30 am in Scotland in the summer.
2. Over the years the University has been awarded many prizes for its research.
3. Aberdeen has been an important oil centre since the 80's.
4. Cullen Skink, a traditional Scottish soup, is made from fish and potatoes.
5. The Queen recently opened Scottish parliament here in Aberdeen..
Passive Gap Fill
Complete the text below using the correct form of the verb in brackets ().
'Scotch Whisky' - the water of life!
The origins of malt whisky distilling in Scotland date back to at least the monks of the 15th century and probably long before. The ancient uisge beatha, which is Gaelic for the Latin aqua vitae or 'water of life', was corrupted in the 18th century to usky, and then to whisky.
Malting
Best quality barley ( to soak) in water and then spread out on malting floors to germinate. It (to turn ) regularly to prevent the build up of heat. Traditionally, this ( to do ) by tossing the barley into the air with wooden shovels in a malt barn adjacent to the kiln. During this process enzymes (to create ), which convert the starch into sugar when mashing takes place. After four to five days germination the barley, now called green malt, ( to go ) to the kiln for drying. Heat ( to stop ) the growth and the smoke, coming from peat added to the fire, gives flavour.
Mashing
The dried malt ( to grind ) into coarse flour, which
( to mix) with hot water at 67-68 degrees as it pours into the mash tun. The quality of the pure Scottish water is important. The mash ( to stir ), helping to convert the starches to sugar. After mashing, the sweet sugary liquid ( to know ) as wort.
Fermentation
The liquid ( to cool ) and pumped into large containers, where the yeast ( to add ) and fermentation ( to begin ). The living yeast ( to feed ) on the sugars, producing alcohol. Large volumes of carbon dioxide gas are also produced. After about two days the fermentation ( to die ) down and contains 7-8% alcohol by volume.
Pot Stills
In some mysterious way, the shape of the pot still ( to affect ) the character of the individual malt whisky, and each distillery keeps its stills exactly the same over the years. In distillation the still ( to heat ) to 86 degrees c and the alcohol and other compounds vaporize and pass over the neck of the still. Finally the vapour ( to condense ) into a liquid.
Distillation
The wash ( to distill ) twice to separate the alcohol from the water, yeast and the residue, which ( to save ) for use in animal feeds.
Casking
All the distillates pass through the spirit safe. The newly distilled colourless spirit ( to fill ) in oak casks, which may ( to use ) previously in the maturation process for Scotch whisky, bourbon or sherry.
Maturation
While maturing, the whisky ( to become ) smoother, gains flavour and draws its golden colour from the cask. By law all Scotch whisky must ( to mature ) for at least three years, but most single malts lie in the wood for eight, twelve or even fifteen years. About 2% of the whisky ( to evaporate ) from the cask each year, this is known as the angel's share. Unlike wine, whisky does not mature further once bottled.
Passive Gap Fill - Answers
'Scotch Whisky' - the water of life!
The origins of malt whisky distilling in Scotland date back to at least the monks of the 15th century and probably long before. The ancient uisge beatha, which is Gaelic for the Latin aqua vitae or 'water of life', was corrupted in the 18th century to usky, and then to whisky.
Malting
Best quality barley is soaked in water and then spread out on malting floors to germinate. It is turned regularly to prevent the build up of heat. Traditionally, this was done by tossing the barley into the air with wooden shovels in a malt barn adjacent to the kiln. During this process enzymes are created , which convert the starch into sugar when mashing takes place. After four to five days germination the barley, now called green malt, goes to the kiln for drying. Heat stops the growth and the smoke, coming from peat added to the fire, gives flavour.
Mashing
The dried malt is ground into coarse flour, which is mixed with hot water at 67-68 degrees as it pours into the mash tun. The quality of the pure Scottish water is important. The mash is stirred , helping to convert the starches to sugar. After mashing, the sweet sugary liquid is known as wort.
Fermentation
The liquid is cooled and pumped into large containers, where the yeast is added and fermentation begins . The living yeast feeds on the sugars, producing alcohol. Large volumes of carbon dioxide gas are also produced. After about two days the fermentation dies down and contains 7-8% alcohol by volume.
Pot Stills
In some mysterious way, the shape of the pot still affects the character of the individual malt whisky, and each distillery keeps its stills exactly the same over the years. In distillation the still is heated to 86 degrees c and the alcohol and other compounds vaporize and pass over the neck of the still. Finally the vapour is condensed into a liquid.
Distillation
The wash is distilled twice to separate the alcohol from the water, yeast and the residue, which is saved for use in animal feeds.
Casking
All the distillates pass through the spirit safe. The newly distilled colourless spirit is filled in oak casks, which may have been used previously in the maturation process for Scotch whisky, bourbon or sherry.
Maturation
While maturing, the whisky becomes smoother, gains flavour and draws its golden colour from the cask. By law all Scotch whisky must be matured for at least three years, but most single malts lie in the wood for eight, twelve or even fifteen years. About 2% of the whisky evaporates from the cask each year, this is known as the angel's share. Unlike wine, whisky does not mature further once bottled.
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